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en constitutes perfect virtue。〃 hebegged to ask what they were； and was told； 〃gravity； generosity of soul；sincerity； earnestness； and kindness。 if you are grave； you will not be treatedwith disrespect。 if you are generous； you will win all。 if you are sincere；people will repose trust in you。 if you are earnest； you will acplish much。if you are kind； this will enable you to employ the services of others。
pi hsi inviting him to visit him； the master was inclined to go。
tsze…lu said； 〃master； formerly i have heard you say； 'when a man in his ownperson is guilty of doing evil； a superior man will not associate with him。' pihsi is in rebellion； holding possession of chung…mau； if you go to him； whatshall be said？〃
the master said； 〃yes； i did use these words。 but is it not said； that； if athing be really hard； it may be ground without being made thin？ is it not said；that； if a thing be really white； it may be steeped in a dark fluid withoutbeing made black？
〃am i a bitter gourd？ how can i be hung up out of the way of being eaten？〃
the master said； 〃yu； have you heard the six words to which are attached sixbecloudings？〃 yu replied； 〃i have not。〃
〃sit down； and i will tell them to you。
〃there is the love of being benevolent without the love of learning；…thebeclouding here leads to a foolish simplicity。 there is the love of knowingwithout the love of learning；…the beclouding here leads to dissipation of mind。there is the love of being sincere without the love of learning；…the becloudinghere leads to an injurious disregard of consequences。 there is the love ofstraightforwardness without the love of learning；…the beclouding here leads torudeness。 there is the love of boldness without the love of learning；…thebeclouding here leads to insubordination。 there is the love of firmness withoutthe love of learning；…the beclouding here leads to extravagant conduct。〃
the master said； 〃my children； why do you not study the book of poetry？
〃the odes serve to stimulate the mind。
〃they may be used for purposes of self…contemplation。
〃they teach the art of sociability。
〃they show how to regulate feelings of resentment。
〃from them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father； andthe remoter one of serving one's prince。
〃from them we bee largely acquainted with the names of birds； beasts； andplants。〃
the master said to po…yu； 〃do you give yourself to the chau…nan and theshao…nan。 the man who has not studied the chau…nan and the shao…nan is like onewho stands with his face right against a wall。 is he not so？〃 the master said；〃'it is according to the rules of propriety；' they say。…'it is according to therules of propriety；' they say。 are gems and silk all that is meant by propriety？'it is music；' they say。…'it is music；' they say。 are hers and drums all that ismeant by music？〃
the master said； 〃he who puts on an appearance of stern firmness； whileinwardly he is weak； is like one of the small； mean people；…yea； is he not likethe thief who breaks through； or climbs over； a wall？〃
the master said； 〃your good； careful people of the villages are the thievesof virtue。〃
the master said； to tell； as we go along； what we have heard on the way； isto cast away our virtue。〃
the master said； 〃there are those mean creatures！ how impossible it is alongwith them to serve one's prince！
〃while they have not got their aims； their anxiety is how to get them。 whenthey have got them； their anxiety is lest they should lose them。
〃when they are anxious lest such things should be lost； there is nothing towhich they will not proceed。〃
the master said； 〃anciently； men had three failings； which now perhaps arenot to be found。
〃the high…mindedness of antiquity showed itself in a disregard of smallthings； the high…mindedness of the present day shows itself in wild license。 thestern dignity of antiquity showed itself in grave reserve； the stern dignity ofthe present day shows itself in quarrelsome perverseness。 the stupidity ofantiquity showed itself in straightforwardness； the stupidity of the present dayshows itself in sheer deceit。〃
the master said； 〃fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldomassociated with virtue。〃
the master said； 〃i hate the manner in which purple takes away the luster ofvermilion。 i hate the way in which the songs of chang confound the music of theya。 i hate those who with their sharp mouths overthrow kingdoms and families。〃
the master said； 〃i would prefer not speaking。〃
tsze…kung said； 〃if you； master； do not speak； what shall we； your disciples；have to record？〃
the master said； 〃does heaven speak？ the four seasons pursue their courses；and all things are continually being produced； but does heaven say anything？〃
zu pei wished to see confucius； but confucius declined； on the ground ofbeing sick； to see him。 when the bearer of this message went out at the door；the master took his lute and sang to it； in order that pei might hear him。
tsai wo asked about the three years' mourning for parents； saying that oneyear was long enough。
〃if the superior man；〃 said he； 〃abstains for three years from theobservances of propriety； those observances will be quite lost。 if for threeyears he abstains from music； music will be ruined。 within a year the old grainis exhausted； and the new grain has sprung up； and； in procuring fire byfriction； we go through all the changes of wood for that purpose。 after aplete year； the mourning may stop。〃
the master said； 〃if you were； after a year； to eat good rice； and wearembroidered clothes； would you feel at ease？〃 〃i should；〃 replied wo。
the master said； 〃if you can feel at ease； do it。 but a superior man； duringthe whole period of mourning； does not enjoy pleasant food which he may eat； norderive pleasure from music which he may hear。 he also does not feel at ease； ifhe is fortably lodged。 therefore he does not do what you propose。 but now youfeel at ease and may do it。〃
tsai wo then went out； and the master said； 〃this shows yu's want of virtue。it is not till a child is three years old that it is allowed to leave the armsof its parents。 and the three years' mourning is universally observed throughoutthe empire。 did yu enjoy the three years' love of his parents？〃
the master said； 〃hard is it to deal with who will stuff himself with foodthe whole day； without applying his mind to anything good！ are there notgamesters and chess players？ to be one of these would still be better than doingnothing at all。〃
tsze…lu said； 〃does the superior man esteem valor？〃 the master said； 〃thesuperior man holds righteousness to be of highest importance。 a man in asuperior situation； having valor without righteousness； will be guilty ofinsubordination； one of the lower people having valor without righteousness；will mit robbery。〃
tsze…kung said； 〃has the superior man his hatreds also？〃 the master said；〃he has his hatreds。 he hates those who proclaim the evil of others。 he hatesthe man who； being in a low station； slanders his superiors。 he hates those whohave valor merely； and are unobservant of propriety。 he hates those who areforward and determined； and； at