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conquest．________is
rapidly expanding technologe and new systems of munication that bring all
cultures and languages into close contact，with borrowing between languages a mon phenomenon in the
contemporary world．All languages change as the experiences of their speakers change．
Exercise 18…2
Directions：Write a paragraph analyzing the causes of students cheating on exams．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第十九单元 组织段落方法——重要性和熟悉度顺序
19．1 重要性顺序排列法
前面我们已经讨论了组织段落的两种方法——时间顺序法（time…order）和空间顺序法（space…order）。组织段落的第三种方法是根据重要性排列的方法（to organize
details according to their order of importance）。作者使用这种方法的依据是他认为所选用的细节应如何加以强调。
使用重要性顺序法，可选用上升顺序（ascending order），或下降顺序（aescending oraer）。前者先列举次要观点，把重要的留到最末（如示范段落17…1），后者先强调最重要的观点，然后列举次要观点（如示范段落4…1）。
19．2 熟悉度顺序排列法
对于某些段落，也许使用熟悉度顺序法（order of
familiarity）更恰当。这种方法根据读者对作者所选用的一系列细节的熟悉程度排列。例如，在分类段落中，作者经常先谈论读者比较熟悉的、具体的细节，然后谈论读者不大熟悉的细节，如示范段落16…1。
19．3 使用顺序法的一般准则
到目前为止，我们共讨论了四种组织段落顺序，使用哪一种顺序取决于作者的写作目的和读者对主题的熟悉程度。
1）如果你要说服别人相信一个观点，应该选用重要性顺序，把最好和最有力的理由放在能使读者最容易牢记的地方——段末。
2）如果你要向读者准确地展示一个场面，则应选用空间顺序描述，以便你的读者能够在脑海中再现你所描绘的画面。
3）如果读者对你要谈论的话题不大熟悉，则应从熟悉的观点着手。
4）如果你要告诉读者发生了什么事情或怎样做某件事，则需要时间顺序。
Exercise 19…1
Directions：Read the following two paragraphs and analyze their orders of
organization．
（1）
Why are young people so enthusiastic about puters？It is mainly because they find that
the puter has a large number of desirable properties．First，it's not terribly demanding，and it does what it is told．Second，it's easier
to be a friend to a puter，for it won't make fun of you．Nor does it scold you or talk back．Third，the puter
is more interesting than any other object．Like people，it is interactive．When you ask it a question，it gives you an answer．And because it stores great quantities of information，it can oftenanswer more questions，more accurately，than human friends．Finally，by programing a puter，a youngster can create a world of
his own．
Topic Sentence：____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Developing Method：_________________________________________
Details：1．_______________________________________________
2．_______________________________________________
3．_______________________________________________
4．_______________________________________________
Order of Organization：________________________________________
（2）
People travel because travel benefits them in a number of ways．First，it enables people to derive much pleasure from seeing sight sand
snapping pictures．Second，it provides an effective way to get
their mind off their work．It relieves them from strain and makes them thoroughly relaxed and
ready to resume their work with rennewed efforts．Third，it offers an
opportunity to visit old friends and make new friends，too．Finally，it allows people to see new customs，learn new things，gain new experience and enables them to e back with broader mind．
Topic Sentence：____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Developing Method：________________________________________
Details：1．______________________________________________
2．______________________________________________
3．______________________________________________
4．______________________________________________
Order of Organization：______________________________________
Exercise 19…1
Directions：Write a paragraph about the unfavorable effects of advertisements，using order of importance．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 19…2
Directions：Write a paragraph about the phenomena of the wasting of water，using order of familiarity．
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
第二十单元 推展段落方法——混合方法
20．1 混合方法（Mixed Patterns）
到目前为止，我们讨论了九种推展段落方法——1）事实数据法（facts and statistics）；2）叙述法（narration）；3）描述法（description）；4）过程分析法（process analysis）；5）定义法（definition）；6）举例法（examples）；7）比较对比法（parison
and contrast）；8）分类法（division and classification）；9）因果法（cause and effect）。我们还讨论了四种组织段落的方法：1）时间顺序法（time
order）；2）空间顺序法（space order）；3）重要性顺序法（order of importance）；4）熟悉度顺序法（order
of familiarity）。此外，我们还谈及一个好的段落的三个特征：1）完整性（pleteness）；2）统一性（unity）；3）连贯性（coherence）。
我们在前面各单元的示范段落中已经发现，极少段落是仅用一种推展方法的。作者常常在段落中使用一种方法作为支配方法（dominant method），另外一种或数种作为辅助方法（supporting method）。
示范段落20…1
Man's knowledge of the past has sometimes been gained in odd ways．One of the oddest incidents
occurred on January 16，1900．An angry
workman broke a crocodile mummy into pieces．He wassurprised to find that the mummy had been wrapped in sheets of
papyrus，the reed
paper of ancient Egypt．And on the papyrus there was writing．
20．2示范段落分析
主题句：Man's knowledge of the past has
sometimes been gained in odd ways．
组织段落顺序：Time order
支配推展方法：Example
辅助推展方法：Narration
示范段落20…2
There are two kinds of memory：short…term and long…term．Information stored in the long…term memory can be recalled at a
later time when it is needed．The information may be kept for days or weeks．In contrast，information stored in the short…term
memory is kept for only a few minutes，usually by repeating the in formation over and over．
20．3示范段落分析
主题句：There are two kinds of memory：short…term and long…term．
组织段落方法：Order of Familiarity
支配推展方法：Division and Classification
辅助推展方法：Description，Contrast
Exercise 20…1
Directions：Write a paragraph on population increase，using cause and effect as the
dominant method，and examples，facts or statistics as the
supporting metho