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open…minded considerate independent good…humoured
cooperative energetic disciplined patient
generous trustworthy neat courageous
ambitious soft…hearted reliable unpretentious
My mother is the most sweet…tempered person I know．
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第二十四单元 如何用比较与对照法推展篇章
24．1 parison and Contrast（比较与对照）
Often we may want to describe several aspects of two subjects that
have both similarities and differences．When we pare two things，we show how they are similar；when we contrast two things，we show how they are different．We may pare or contrast two schools，two cars，two friends，two jobs，two cities，etc．．For this
purpose，we may employ
the bined techniques of parison and contrast．In writing the essay，you should always bear two
important decisions in mind：①Whether you are to do a parison，a contrast，or a mixture，or②Whether you
are to use an item…to…item（逐事比较）or point…to…point（逐点比较）method of development（both have been explained and illustrated in Unit14）
Model Essay 24…1
Shanghai and New York are two of the biggest cities in the world．They are different in some ways，but they are similar in some other
ways．
Shanghai is one of the most densely populated cities in Asia，and New York is one of the most
densely populated cities in North America．The population of Shanghai is homogenous，but thepopulation of New York is
heterogeneous．The people in
Shanghai speak Chinese；the people in New York speak English instead．The cost of living in Shanghai is
generally low in parison with that in New York．While the people in Shanghai take buses or ride bikes to go to work，the people in New York drive cars
or take subways to get to work．The people in Shanghai use fans to keep cool，where as the people in New York use
air…conditioning．
Both Shanghai and New York are cities of great wealth and poverty．In both cities，there is a great deal of beauty and
a great deal of ugliness．Many people in Shanghai are as kind and helpful as those in New York．Conversely，some people in Shanghai are as
dangerous as those in New York．In both cities，there are people who work all day and people who work all night．Both cities are never asleep．
To some visitors，both Shanghai and New York are a paradise and a jungle．
24．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
From the above point…to…point essay，we can see that the similarities and differences of Shanghai and New
York are as follows：
①Differences：
a．population（homogeneous S
（heterogeneous NY
b．language （Chinese S
（English NY
C．cost of
living（low S
（high NY
d．transportation（buses and bikes S
（cars and subways NY
e．cooling
appliances（fans S
（air…conditioning NY
②Similarities：
a．both are most
densely populated
b．both are
cities of great wealth and poverty
c．both are
beautiful and ugly
d．both have
kind and helpful people and dangerous people
e．both are
never asleep
通过以上比较和对照法的结合使用，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在一起，交替进行逐点比较、对照，这使得读者从始至终能够把握比较与对照的线索。而且，作者又在比较与对照的结构上灵活地安排了次序，使对比既鲜明突出，又富有变化；作者还通过不同的连接手段，如并列连词“and，both，as…as”，与转折连词“but，instead，while，whereas，in parision with”等，使得比较与对照自然流畅，前后连贯。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 24
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay about the similarities and differences
between Tom and Jack by using the outline given below．Don't forget to use some of the
parative and Contrastive words or phrases given in Unit 35．
Tom and Jack are twin brothers．They are similar in some ways；but the ways they spend their own freetime，make decisions and deal with
problems are very different．
Similarities：1）appearance
2）eating habits
3）study
Differences：1）ways of
spending free time
2）ways of
making decisions
3）ways of
dealing with problems
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第二十五单元 如何用定义与分类法推展篇章
25．1 Definition and Classification（定义与分类）
A writer often employs more than one method of development in an
essay．In order to
make it easier or clearer for the reader，the author may，for instance，decide to classify objects，events or terms by retaining a few classes rather than many specific
items．Additionally，he may need to define the lables he
uses in classifying the subject，especially if the lables are not widely known or are abstract．
在进行定义或分类写作时需注意：1）在进行诠释（定义）时，一定要具体、确切；2）分类时要周密，标准必须对应划一，不能交错重叠。
Model Essay 25…1
Nowadays，more and more people have books in their homes，but few of them really ‘own’the books．In Professor Adler's opinion，there are three kinds of book owners．The first kind of owners have all the standard sets and
best…sellers…books that are sold in very large numbers—unread，untouched．（These owner sown only wood pulp
and ink，not books．）
Another kind of book owners have a great many books—a few of them read through，most of them dipped into，that is，most ofthe books are only read or
studied for a short time or without much attention；but all of them as clean and shiny
as the day they were bought．（These persons would probably like to make books their own，but are restrained by a false
respect for their physical appearance．）
The final kind of book owners，however，have a few books or many，every one of them do geared（having the corners of the pages bent down with use，like a dog's ears） and dilapidated（broken and old，falling to pieces），shaken and loosened by continual
use，marked and
scribbled in from front to back．（These men really own books．）
Do you agree with Pr of．Adler？
25．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
In the above model essay，according to the writer，book owners can be divided into three kinds．They are as follows：
1）Owners with
all standard sets and best…sellers—unread，untouched；
2）Owners with a
great many books，a few of them
read through，most off them
dipped into；
3）Owners with a
few books or many，every one of
them do geared，dilapidated，shaken and loosened…
根据范例所示，我们得知作者将有书的人划为三类，其分类根据是划一的，分出的三类book owners互相排除，没有重叠。作者还通过使用“the first kind…another kind…the final kind…”等这些转换词语，有机地围绕主题“There are three kinds of book owners”，介绍了三种不同类型的“owners”。此外，作者还将一些读者不知�