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l； since 1994 and counting 112 National Federation members； the IBAF organizes the Baseball World Cup； World Championships in their different categories； the Intercontinental Cup and the Baseball Olympic Tournament； securing the development and expansion of this sport all over the world。
Olympic History of Baseball棒球在奥运会上的历史：
American baseball was contested in the Olympics as a demonstration sport in 1912； 1936； 1956； 1964； 1984 and 1988。 Finnish baseball （pesä；pallo） was a demonstration sport during the 1952 Helsinki Games。 American baseball became a full medal sport in Barcelona in 1992； while the similar sport of softball was added to the Olympic programme in 1996。 The United States no longer dominates this sport in international play； as the Cubans and several Central American countries produce excellent teams。
Baseball’s Competition in the Olympic Games奥运会上棒球的赛制：
Teams qualify through regional series that produce two teams each from the Americas； Europe and Asia and another from a playoff between the top teams from Oceania and Africa。
At the Games； each team plays the other seven once； and the top four teams advance to the semi…finals。 The first…placed team then plays the fourth…placed team； and the second plays the third。 The winners of those semi…finals meet to decide the gold and silver medals； with the two losing teams playing for the bronze。
Equipment of baseball and softball棒球和垒球的装备＇2＇：
Ball球：
The ball is formed by a core of cork； two covers of rubber； three covers of woolen and cotton yarns and all of it covered with two stripes of white horsehide stitched together with a red yarn。
Baseball：
The baseball is between 22。9cm and 23。5cm in circumference； and weigh between 141。7g and 148。8g。
Softball：
The softball is between 30。2cm and 30。8cm in circumference； and weigh between 178。0g and 198。4g。
Gloves手套：
In order to catch the ball easily； the defensive players use different kinds of gloves according to their positions：
Catcher's mitt
First baseman's glove
Outfielder's glove
Infielder's glove
Mitt
Five…finger glove
Mitt连指手套：
Catcher's mitt （more padded to soften the pitcher's pitches； a diameter of max。 87 cm）。 Used by the catcher only。
First baseman glove： longer； to catch his defensive teammates' balls （a maximum length of 30 cm）。 Used by the first baseman only。
Five…finger glove分指手套：
Infielder's： smaller and more manageable。 Used by the second baseman； third baseman and shortstop。 The Pitcher's glove is usually mid to large sized to hide the pitch from the batter and to protect themselves from line drives。
Outfielder's： bigger to facilitate catching balls in flight。 Used by the left fielder； center fielder and right fielder。
Bat球棒：
The bat is used during the offensive phase to hit the ball delivered by the opposing pitcher as far away as possible； or to place it in the areas less protected by the defense。 It can be made of metal （usually aluminum） or also of wood （ash）。
Baseball：
The bat's maximum diameter； in its biggest part； is 7 cm。 The bat's maximum length is 106 cm。 The bat's maximum weight is non…limited。
Softball：
The bat's maximum diameter； in its biggest part； is 5。7 cm。 The bat's maximum length is 86。4 cm。 The bat's maximum weight is 1077。0g。
Helmets头盔：
The players at bat use a helmet to protect themselves from unexpected and uncontrolled pitches from the opposing pitcher。
Catcher's protective equipment接手保护装备：
The defensive player who occupies the position of catcher （i。e。 the one who catches the pitches） wears a special protection composed of a mask； helmet； chest protector； shin guards。 This protects him from the ball hit by the bat or also from uncontrolled pitches of the pitcher。 The catcher uses a glove which is particularly padded to soften the impact of fast pitches from the pitcher。
Softball
垒球
Softball； a game similar to baseball； is played with a ball called a softball。 Most of the rules of play for softball are similar to those of baseball； with differences in pitch speed； equipment； and field size。 Softball has three major classifications： fast…pitch； slow…pitch； and modified…pitch。 There are both men's and women's divisions。 In 1887 softball was invented as an indoor sport by George Hancock of the Chicago Board of Trade。 The first games took place inside the Farragut Boat Club in Chicago。 In 1895 Lewis Rober； a member of the Minneapolis； Minnesota； fire department； invented outdoor softball and called it Kitten League Ball； later shortened to Kitten Ball。 Robert invented the game to keep the firemen in shape and busy during the time they spent at the firehouse。 In subsequent years the popularity of Kitten Ball spread throughout the United States。 In 1922 the name Kitten Ball was changed to Diamond Ball。 The name softball was not developed until 1926； when Walter Hakanson of the Denver； Colorado； Young Men's Christian Association （YMCA） conceived of it while attending a meeting in Greeley； Colorado； to form the Colorado Amateur Softball Association。 In 1933 the first national amateur softball tournament in the United States took place in Chicago； in conjunction with that year's World's Fair。 The softball tournament was staged by two American sports enthusiasts； Leo Fischer and Michael J。 Pauley； and it provided a basis for a permanent national softball organization in the United States； the ASA。 Softball's popularity continued to grow and to spread internationally。 By the mid…1990s it was played in more than 85 countries under the auspices of the International Softball Federation （ISF）； the international governing body of the sport。 The ISF was founded in 1952 and is located in Oklahoma City； Oklahoma。 The first ISF Women's World Championship was held in 1965 in Melbourne； Australia； and the first ISF Men's World Championship was held in 1966 in Mexico City。 Both were played in the fast…pitch classification。 World championships for boys' and girls' fast…pitch softball were first played in 1981。 Women's fast…pitch softball debuted as a medal sport at the 1996 Olympic Summer Games in Atlanta。
垒球运动，与棒球运动相似，只不过使用的球是软球。垒球的基本规则与棒球一样。它与棒球的主要区别在于投球速度、器材和场地。垒球分快式、慢式和变换式三种，还有男子和女子比赛之分。1887年，芝加哥商会的乔治·汉考克发明了室内垒球，并在芝加哥法拉格特划船俱乐部举行了首次比赛。1895年明尼苏达洲的一名消防队员路易斯·罗博，把垒球从室内搬到室外，发明了室外垒球，称之为“小猫球”。罗伯的这一发明是为了更有效地组织消防员。很快，这一运动就流传到美国各地。1922年，“小猫球”又被定名为“方块球”。1926年，在科罗拉多洲的丹佛青年基督教协会的沃尔特·哈康森建议把它定名为垒球，并成立了科罗拉多业余垒球协会。1933年，在芝加哥世界博览会上，两位狂热的体育迷—利奥·菲舍和迈克尔·鲍雷筹办了第一次全国业余垒球比赛，这为后来建立全国垒球组织奠定了基础。垒球在美国普及的同时，也传播到世界其它国�