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蛭虺≈骺梢韵蚬壑诔鍪凼澄锖鸵希槐氐Ｐ挠虢滞沸》访堑木赫�1858年，全国棒球运动员协会成立了，禁止会员接受比赛佣金。19世纪60年代早期，业余棒球球员为比赛免费提供娱乐表演，球场主们从中获利不菲。1868年，来自球员的压力最终致使了全国棒球运动员协会不得不改变政策，允许球员接受比赛佣金。这个政策标志着棒球运动开始走向职业化。1869年，第一支职业棒球队—辛辛那提红袜队开始参加比赛。同年，他们到美国各地循环比赛，在数千球迷的欢呼声中，创造了连胜60场的不朽战绩。很快，许多东北部和中西部的职业球队也联合起来，组成各种联盟。1870年，美国棒球运动员协会的职业球员人数超过了业余球员，剩下的业余球员退出联盟。1871年，全国棒联改组为全国职业棒球运动员协会。这一新的全国协会，代表10个俱乐部的职业运动员，实际上这些俱乐部组成了历史上第一个职业棒球联盟。他们主办联盟间比赛，以锦标赛决出赛季冠军。但是，由于管理不善，1876年全国协会被迫停止。
More about Professional Baseball
Major League Baseball（MLB）美国职业棒球大联盟：
Major league baseball represents the highest level of baseball competition in North America。 It includes teams from the United States and Canada。 The major leagues are divided into the National League （NL） and the American League （AL）。 The teams of each league are grouped into three divisions within their league。 In both the NL and AL； the divisions are called the East Division； the Central Division； and the West Division。
The major league baseball season lasts from April （or late March） to October and includes the regular season； the playoffs； and the World Series。 Teams play 162 games during the regular season。 The team with the most victories in each division becomes the division winner and earns the right to compete in the playoffs。 The team with the best record in each league after the division winners also is included in the playoffs as a wild…card team。
Each league holds a separate playoff； featuring their three division winners and the wild…card team。 These teams are paired and face each other in a series of games。 The teams that win the most games in a series earn the right to move on to the next round of playoffs。 The final series in the league playoffs determines which team wins the pennant； or championship； of their league。 The NL and AL pennant winners meet in the World Series； and the winner of this series becomes the major league world champion。
The major leagues also hold an annual competition called the All…Star Game； which matches a team of NL players against a team of AL players。 Baseball fans select the starting players in the game。 It takes place during the All…Star break； a period in the middle of the regular season during which teams temporarily rest from competition。
Team Management 职业球队的管理：
Every Major League Baseball team is part of a baseball club； which includes the team； the owner； and the team management。 The owner may be an individual； a group； or a corporation。 Club owners provide the money that a team needs to operate。 They work with the team management to organize activities such as running a stadium and selling tickets and concessions。
Club owners and management recruit players for the team。 The complicated system of recruitment and payment of players is controlled by strict league rules； which involve the number of players clubs may have and the contracts； or agreements； that clubs and players sign。 A union； called the Major League Players Association； advises players in these matters。
KEY WORDS 重点词汇
baseball
棒球
ballpark
棒球场
rounders
圆场棒球
Knickerbockers
纽约人队
home base
本垒
base
垒位
foul lines
界外线
softball
垒球
pitch speed
投球速度
fast…pitch
快式投球
slow…pitch
慢式投球
modified…pitch
变换式投球
International Softball Federation （ISF）
国际垒球联合会
正文棒球和垒球的规则
Main difference between Baseball and Softball棒球与垒球的主要区别：
Softball垒球
Baseball棒球
Weight of ball 球重
177…200 g
141。7…148。8 g
Around length of ball 球周长
30。2…30。8 cm
22。9…23。5 cm
Max。 length of bat 球棒最长限度
0。864 m
1。07 m
Max。 weight of bat 球棒最大重量
1077 g
No prohibition
Distance between base 垒间距离
18。3 m
27。45 m
Distance of homerun 本垒打距离
61 m
91 m
Distance of pitcher 投球距离
12。2 m
18。4 m
Pitcher’s way 投球方法
Underhand only
No prohibition
Innings 局数
7
9
Pitcher’s speed 投手投球速度
100…115km/h
140…160km/h
Baseball field
棒球场地
Baseball is played on a level field； which usually covers about 0。8 hectares。 The playing area is divided into the infield and the outfield。 Together； these two areas make up fair territory。 The rest of the field is called foul territory。 The infield consists of a square…shaped plot called the diamond。 One corner of the diamond is marked by a five…sided piece of rubber called a home plate。 Batters hit the ball from a position on either side of home plate； depending on their preference。 At the three other corners of the infield—moving counterclockwise from home plate—are first base； second base； and third base。 Each base is marked with a canvas bag。 The pitcher's mound； a slightly raised piece of ground； lies near the center of the infield； between home plate and second base。 A strip of rubber is nailed to the top of the mound； 18 m from home plate。 Pitchers place one foot on the rubber when they put the ball in play。 Base lines run from home plate to first base and from home plate to third base。 Extensions of these lines； called foul lines； run along the outer edges of the outfield。 These lines divide foul and fair territory。 Base lines also extend from first to second to third base； marking the path of a runner。 The region of the outfield behind first base is called right field； the region behind second base is called center field； and the region behind third base is called left field。 A fence runs along the farthest limits of the outfield。 Two covered shelters called dugouts are located in foul territory along each base line。 Players occupy the dugouts when they are not on the field。 The baseball field is also designed with a number of markings that indicate the use of certain regions。 Boxes outlined in chalk on each side of home plate indicate where a batter may stand。 Chalk boxes in foul territory near first and third base define the position of team coaches。 Similar regions limit where pitchers may warm up during the game and where players may prepare before batting。
棒球比赛