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where supplies were most plentiful。
So natural was this oblique movement from the Nizhni to the Ryazan； Tula； and Kaluga road； that that direction was the one taken by the flying bands of marauders from the Russian army； and the one which the authorities in Petersburg insisted upon Kutuzov’s taking。 At Tarutino Kutuzov received what was almost a reprimand from the Tsar for moving the army to the Ryazan road； and he was directed to take up the very position facing Kaluga； in which he was encamped at the time when the Tsar’s letter reached him。
After recoiling in the direction of the shock received during the whole campaign； and at the battle of Borodino； the ball of the Russian army； as the force of that blow spent itself； and no new blow came； took the direction that was natural for it。
Kutuzov’s merit lay in no sort of military genius； as it is called； in no strategic man？uvre； but in the fact that he alone grasped the significance of what had taken place。 He alone grasped even then the significance of the inactivity of the French army； he alone persisted in maintaining that the battle of Borodino was a victory； he alone—the man who from his position as commander…in…chief might have been expected to be the first to be eager for battle—he alone did everything in his power to hold the Russian army back from useless fighting。
The wild beast wounded at Borodino lay where the fleeing hunter had left him； but whether alive and strong； or only feigning； the hunter knew not。 All at once a moan was heard from the creature。 The moan of that wounded creature； the French army； that betrayed its hopeless plight； was the despatch of Lauriston to the camp of Kutuzov with overtures for peace。
Napoleon； with his conviction that not what was right was right； but whatever came into his head was right； wrote to Kutuzov the first words that occurred to his mind； words that had no meaning at all。
“M。 LE PRINCE KOUTOUZOFF；” he wrote； “I am sending you one of my aides…de…camp to converse with you on various interesting subjects。 I desire that your highness will put faith in what he says； especially when he expresses the sentiments of esteem and particular consideration that I have long entertained for your person。 This letter having no other object； I pray God to have you in His holy and powerful keeping。
（Signed） NAPOLEON。
“Moscow； October 30； 1812。”
“I should be cursed by posterity if I were regarded as the first instigator of any sort of settlement。 Tel est l’esprit actuel de ma nation；” answered Kutuzov； and went on doing everything in his power to hold the army back from advance。
A month spent by the French army in pillaging Moscow； and by the Russian army quietly encamped at Tarutino； brought about a change in the relative strength of the two armies； a change both in spirit and in numbers； which was all to the advantage of the Russians。 Although the position of the French army and its numbers were unknown to the Russians； as soon as their relative strength had changed； a great number of signs began to show that an attack would be inevitable。 Among the causes that contributed to bring about this result were Lauriston’s mission； and the abundance of provisions at Tarutino； and the reports that were continually coming in from all sides of the inactivity and lack of discipline in the French army； and the filling up of our regiments by recruits； and the fine weather； and the long rest enjoyed by the Russian soldiers； and the impatience to do the work for which they have been brought together； that always arises in troops after repose； and curiosity to know what was going on in the French army； of which they had so long seen nothing； and the daring with which the Russian outposts dashed in among the French encamped at Tarutino； and the news of the easy victories gained by bands of peasants and free…lances over the French； and the envy aroused by them； and the desire of revenge； that every man cherished at heart so long as the French were in Moscow； and—stronger than all—the vague sense growing up in every soldier’s heart that the relative strength of the armies had changed； and the preponderance was now on our side。 The relative strength of the armies had really changed； and advance had become inevitable。 And at once； as surely as the chimes in a clock begin to beat and play when the hand has made the full round of the dial； was this change reflected in the increased activity； and bustle and stir of wheels within wheels in the higher spheres。
Chapter 3
THE RUSSIAN ARMY was commanded by Kutuzov and his staff and by the Tsar from Petersburg。 Before the news of the abandonment of Moscow had reached Petersburg a detailed plan of the whole campaign had been drawn up and sent to Kutuzov for his guidance。 In spite of the fact that this plan had been made on the supposition that Moscow was still in our hands； it was approved by the staff； and accepted as the plan to be carried out。 Kutuzov simply wrote that directions from a distance were always difficult to carry out。 And to solve any difficulties that might arise； fresh instructions were sent； together with newer persons； whose duty it was to be to keep a watch on his movements； and to report upon them。
Apart from these new authorities； the whole staff of generals in the Russian army was now transferred。 The places of Bagration； who had been killed； and Barclay； who had taken offence and retired； had to be filled。 The question was deliberated with the greatest seriousness： whether A should be put in B’s place； and B in the place of D； or whether； on the other hand； D in A’s place； and so on； as though the matter affected anything whatever except the satisfaction of A and B and D。
In consequence of Kutuzov’s hostility to the head officer of his staff； Bennigsen； and the presence of confidential advisers of the Tsar； and these various new appointments； the struggle of parties at headquarters was even more complicated than usual。 A was trying to undermine B’s position； D to undermine C’s position； and so on； in all the possible combinations and permutations。 In all these conflicting currents the object of intrigue was for the most part the management of the war； which all these men supposed they were controlling； though it did； in fact； follow its inevitable course quite apart from their action； a course that never corresponded with their schemes； but was the outcome of the forces interacting in the masses。 All these schemes； thwarting and stultifying one another； were simply accepted in the higher spheres as the correct reflection of what was bound to come to pass。
“Prince Mihail Ilarionovitch！” the Tsar wrote on the 2nd of October； a letter received by Kutuzov after the battle of Tarutino。 “From the 2nd of September Moscow has been in the hands of the enemy。 Your last reports were dated the 20th； and in the course of all this time since； no attempt has been made to act against the enemy； and to relieve the ancient capital； and you have even； from your last reports； retreated further。 Serpuhov is by now occupied by a detachment of the enemy； and Tula； with its famous arsenal； of such importance to the army； is in danger。 From the reports received from General Wintzeng