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three columns； the French troops formed a single mass； and so they marched on to the end。 This is how Berthier wrote to the Emperor （and we know that generals feel it permissible to depart rather widely from the truth in describing the condition of their armies）：—
“I think it my duty to report to your majesty the condition of the various corps under my observation on the march the last two or three days。 They are almost disbanded。 Hardly a quarter of the men remain with the flags of their regiments； the rest wander off on their own account in different directions； trying to seek food and to escape discipline。 All think only of Smolensk； where they hope to recover。 During the last few days many soldiers have been observed to throw away their cartridges and muskets。 In such a condition of affairs； whatever your further plans may be； the interests of your majesty’s service make it essential to muster the army at Smolensk； and to rid them of ineffectives； such as cavalry men without horses； as well as of superfluous baggage and a part of the artillery； which is now out of proportion with the numbers of the effective army。 Supplies and some days’ rest are essential： the soldiers are exhausted by hunger and fatigue； during the last few days many have died by the roadside or in the bivouacs。 This state of things is growing continually worse； and if steps are not quickly taken for averting the danger； we shall be exposed to the risk of being unable to control the army in the event of a battle。
“November 9。 Thirty versts from Smolensk。”
After struggling into Smolensk； the promised land of their dreams； the French killed one another fighting over the food there； sacked their own stores； and when everything had been pillaged； they ran on further。 All hastened on； not knowing whither or for what end they were going； least of all knew that great genius； Napoleon； since there was no one to give him orders。 But still he and those about him clung to their old habits： wrote commands； letters； reports； orders of the day； called each other your majesty； mon frère； Prince d’Eckmühl； roi de Naples； and so on。 But the orders and reports were all on paper： no attempt was made to carry them out； because they could not be carried out。 And although they addressed each other as “majesty；” “highness；” and “mon cousin；” they all felt that they were pitiful and loathsome creatures； who had done a great wrong； for which they had now to pay the penalty。 And in spite of their pretence of caring for the army； each was thinking only of himself； and how to make his escape as quickly as possible to safety。
Chapter 17
THE ACTIONS of the Russian and French armies during the retreat from Moscow to the Niemen resemble a game of Russian blindman’s buff； in which there are two players； both with their eyes bandaged； and one rings a bell at intervals to let the other know of his whereabouts。 At first he rings his bell with no fear of his opponent； but when he begins to find himself in a difficult position； he runs away as noiselessly as he can from his opponent； and often supposing he is running away from him； walks straight into his arms。
At first Napoleon’s army made its whereabouts known—that was in the early period of the retreat along the Kaluga road—but afterwards； when they had taken to the Smolensk road； they ran holding the tongue of the bell； and often supposing they were running away； ran straight towards the Russians。
Owing to the rapidity of the flight of the French； and of the Russians after them； and the consequent exhaustion of the horses； the chief means of keeping a close watch on the enemy’s position—by means of charges of cavalry—was out of the question。 Moreover； in consequence of the frequent and rapid changes of position of both armies； what news did come always came too late。 If information arrived on the second that the army of the enemy had been in a certain place on the first； by the third； when the information could be acted upon； the army was already two days’ march further； and in quite a different position。
One army fled； the other pursued。 From Smolensk； there were a number of different roads for the French to choose from； and one would have thought that； as they stayed there four days； the French might have found out where the enemy was； have thought out some advantageous plan； and undertaken something new。 Yet； after a halt of four days； the crowds of them ran back； again not to right or to left； but； with no man？uvres or plans； along their old road—the worst one—by Krasnoe and Orsha； along their beaten track。
Expecting the enemy in their rear and not in front； the French ran； straggling out； and getting separated as far as twenty…four hours’ march from one another。 In front of all fled the Emperor； then the kings； then the dukes。 The Russian army； supposing Napoleon would take the road to the right beyond the Dnieper—the only sensible course—turned also to the right； and came out on the high road at Krasnoe。 And here； just as in the game of blindman； the French came bearing straight down on our vanguard。 Seeing the enemy unexpectedly； the French were thrown into confusion； stopped short from the suddenness of the fright； but then ran on again； abandoning their own comrades in their rear。 Then for three days； the separate parts of the French army passed； as it were； through the lines of the Russian army： first the viceroy’s troops； then Davoust’s； and then Ney’s。 They all abandoned one another； abandoned their heavy baggage； their artillery； and half their men； and fled； making semicircles to the right to get round the Russians by night。
Ney was the last； because in spite； or perhaps in consequence； of their miserable position； with a child’s impulse to beat the floor that has bruised it； he lingered to demolish the walls of Smolensk； which had done nobody any harm。 Ney； who was the last to pass with his corps of ten thousand； reached Napoleon at Orsha with only a thousand men； having abandoned all the rest； and all his cannons； and made his way by stealth at night； under cover of the woods； across the Dnieper。
From Orsha they fled on along the road to Vilna； still playing the same game of blindman with the pursuing army。 At Berezina again； they were thrown into confusion； many were drowned； many surrendered； but those that got across the river； fled on。
Their chief commander wrapped himself in a fur cloak； and getting into a sledge； galloped off alone； deserting his companions。 Whoever could； ran away too； and those who could not—surrendered or died。
Chapter 18
ONE MIGHT have supposed that the historians； who ascribe the actions of the masses to the will of one man； would have found it impossible to explain the retreat of the French on their theory； considering that they did everything possible during this period of the campaign to bring about their own ruin； and that not a single movement of that rabble of men； from their turning into the Kaluga road up to the flight of the commander from his army； showed the slightest trace of design。
But no！ Mountains of volumes have been written by historians upon this campaign； and in all of them we find accounts of Napoleon’s masterly arrangem