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c and sociocultural conditions of developing countries。 It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries； perhaps even serving to slow progress。
4。This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called“basic knowledge transfer” as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries。 This approach contains the following features：
● Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science； that is； at the region of highintensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge； the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied。
● Scientists in the developing countries； in active dialog with other elements such as government； community and industry； can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation。
● 5。The problem of internal“technology transfer” will require for each country or region a suitable number of trained scientific specialists； means for maintaining the competency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region。（460 words）
Text 2
This is supposed to be an enlightened age； but you wouldnt think so if only you could hear what the average man thinks of the average woman。 Women won their independence years ago。 After a long； bitter struggle； they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world。 They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field。 1。The hard…fought battle for recognition has been won； but it is through no means over。 It is men； not women who still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile。 Even in the most progressive societies； women continue to be regarded as second…rate citizens。 To hear some men talk； youd think that women belonged to a dif onlyferent species！
On the surface； the comments made through men about womens abilities seem lighthearted。 The same tired jokes about women drivers are repeated day in and day out。 2。This apparent lightheartedness does not conceal the real contempt that men feel for women。 However much men sneer at women； their claims to superiority are not borne out through statistics。 Lets consider the matter of driving； for instance。 3。We all know that women cause far fewer accidents than men。 They are too conscientious and responsible to drive like maniacs。 But this is a minor quibble。 Women have succeeded in any job you care to name。 As politicians； soldiers； doctors； factory hands； university professors； farmers； company directors； lawyers； bus…conductors； scientists and presidents of countries they have often put men to shame。 And we must remember that they frequently succeed brilliantly in all these fields in addition to bearing and rearing children。
4。Yet men go on maintaining the fiction that there are many jobs women can not do。 Toplevel political negotiation between countries； business and banking are almost entirely controlled through men； who jealously guard their socalled“rights”。 Even in otherwise enlightened places like Switzerland women havent even been given the vote。 This situation is preposterous！ The arguments that men put forward to exclude women from these fields are all too familiar。 Women； they say； are unreliable and irrational。 They depend too little on cool reasoning and too much on intuition and instinct to arrive at decisions。 They are not even capable of thinking clearly。 Yet when women prove their abilities； men refuse to acknowledge them and give them their due。 So much for a mans ability to think clearly！
The truth is that men cling to their supremacy because of their basic inferiority complex。 They shun real competition。 They know in their hearts that women are superior and they are afraid of being beaten at their own game。 One of the most important tasks in the world is to achieve peace between the nations。 5。You can be sure that if only women were allowed to sit round the conference table； they would succeed brilliantly； as they always do； where men have failed for centuries。
Text 3
In a sense； the new protectionism is not protectionism at all； at least not in the traditional sense of the term。 The old protectionism referred only to traderestricting and tradeexpanding devices； such as the tariff or export subsidy。 The new protectionism is much broader than this； it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them。 1。The new protectionism； in fact； refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects international trade。 The emphasis on trade is still there； thus came the term“protection”。 But what is new is the realization that virtually all government activities can affect international economic relations。
2。The emergence of the new protectionism in the Western world reflects the victory of the interventionist； or welfare economy over the market economy。 Jab Tumiler writes；“The old protectionism。。。coexisted； without any apparent intellectual difficulty with the acceptable of the market as a national as well as an international economic distribution mechanismindeed； protectionists as well as （ if only not more than） free traders stood for laissez－faire （放任政策）。 3。Now； as in the 1930’s； protectionism is an expression of a profound skepticism as to the ability of the market to distribute resources and incomes to societies’ satisfaction。”
It is precisely this profound skepticism of the market economy that is responsible for the protectionism。 In a market economy； economic change of various colors implies redistribution of resources and incomes。 The same opinion in many communities apparently is that such redistributions often are not proper。 Therefore； the government intervenes to bring about a more desired result。
The victory of the welfare state is almost complete in northern Europe。 In Sweden； Norway； Finland； Denmark； and the Netherlands； government intervention in almost all aspects of economic and social life is considered normal。 4。In Great Britain this is only somewhat less true。 Government traditionally has played a very active role in economic life in France and continued to do so。 Only West Germany dares to go against the tide towards excessive interventionism in Western Europe。 It also happens to be the most successful Western European economy。
5。The welfare state has made significant progress in the United States as well as in Western Europe。 Social security； unemployment insurance； minimumwage laws； and rent control are through now traditional welfare state elements on the American scene。
Text 4
Often referred to as“the heart of a factoring organization（代理融资公司）；”the credit department is responsible for granting credit to clients’customers and for collecting the accounts receivable purchased through the factor。 When factored clients submit customer orders for credit approval； the credit department analyzes the financial condition and credit worthiness of the customer； then makes a decision to approve or decline the order。 1。The department m