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le engineers to design； test and produce chips right on their desks； much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh。 As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars； engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures。 Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office spawning a new generation of garage start…ups and giving the U。S。 a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast。 'We're got more garages with smart people；' Mead observes。 'We really thrive on anarchy。'
And on Asians。 Already； orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms。 And Chinese； Korean； Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges。 As the heads of next…generation start…ups； these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets。 For instance； Alex Au； a Stanford Ph。 D。 from Hong Kong； has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory…chip market。 India…born N。Damodar Reddy's tiny California pany reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri。 Before it bees a retirement village； Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business。
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT； October 2； 1989
New words and expressions 生词和短语
silicon
n。 硅
integrated
adj。 综合的
circuit
n。 线路，电路
California
n。 加利福尼亚（美国州名）
workstation
n。 工作站
chip
n。 芯片，集成电路片，集成块
newsletter
n。 时事通讯
Macintosh
n。 苹果机，一种个人电脑
penalize
v。 处罚，惩罚
customize
v。 按顾客具体需要制造
spawn
v。 引起，酿成
thrive
v。 兴旺，繁荣
anarchy
n。 无政府状态，混乱
oriental
n。 东方人
constitute
v。 构成
drove
n。 群
innovator
n。 发明者
forge
v。 发展
memory…chip
n。 内存条
AT & T
美国电话电报公司 （American Telephone and Telegraph）
Kansas
n。 堪萨斯（美国州名）
Missouri
n。 密苏里（美国州名）
参考译文
技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。卡弗。米德 集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授 注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果机上编出一份时事通讯一样。由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片 造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。 “我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，”米德说。“我们确实是靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。” 靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。比如说，亚历克斯。奥，一位来自香港的斯坦福大学博士，已经在台湾建厂，对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。印度出生的N。达莫达。雷迪经营的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。在硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。
Lesson 11
How to grow old
如何安度晚年
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What； according to the author； is the best way to overe the fear of death as you get older？
Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death。 In the young there is a justification for this feeling。 Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer。 But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows； and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do； the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble。 The best way to overe it so at least it seems to me is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal； until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede； and your life bees increasingly merged in the universal life。 An individual human existence should be like a river small at first； narrowly contained within its banks； and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls。 Gradually the river grows wider； the banks recede； the waters flow more quietly； and in the end； without any visible break； they bee merged in the sea； and painlessly lose their individual being。 The man who； in old age； can see his life in this way； will not suffer from the fear of death； since the things he cares for will continue。 And if； with the decay of vitality； weariness increases； the thought of rest will be not unwele。 I should wish to die while still at work； knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do； and content in the thought that what was possible has been done。
BERTRAND RUSSELL How to grow old from Portraits from Memory
New words and expressions 生词和短语
oppress
v。 忧郁，压抑
justification
n。 正当理由
justifiably
adv。 无可非议地
cheat
v。 欺骗
abject
adj。 可怜的
ignoble
adj。 不体面的，可耻的
impersonal
adj。 超脱个人感情影响的
ego
n。 自我
receded
v。 退去
increasing
adv。 日益，不断
passionately
adv。 激昂地
painlessly
adv。 毫无痛苦地
vitality
n。 精力
weariness
n。 疲惫感
参考译文
有些老年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己会死在战场上的年轻人，想到自己被剥夺了生活所能给予的最美好的东西时，感到痛苦，这是可以理解的。可是老年人已经饱尝了人间的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有点儿可怜又可鄙。克服怕死的最好办法 至少在我看来是这样 就是逐渐使自己的兴趣更加广泛，逐渐摆脱个人狭小的圈子，直到自我的围墙一点一点地倒塌下来，自己的生活慢慢地和整个宇宙的生活融合在一起。个人的存在应该像一条河流，开始很小，被紧紧地夹在两岸中间，接着热情奔放地冲过巨石，飞下瀑布。然后河面渐渐地变宽，两岸后撤，河水流得平缓起来，最后连绵不断地汇入大海，毫无痛苦地失去了自我的存在。上了年纪的人这样看待生命，就不会有惧怕死亡的心情了，因为自己关心的一切事件都会继续下去。 再者，随着精力的衰退，老年人的疲惫会增长，有长眠的愿望未尝不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死为止，明白了有人会继续我的未竟事业，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。
Unit 2
Lesson 12
Banks and their customers
银行和顾客
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why is there no risk to the customer when a bank prints the customer's name on his cheques？
When anyone opens a current account at a bank； he is lending the bank money； repayment of which he may demand at any time； either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person。 Primarily； the banker…customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn。 But； in addition to that basically simple concept